Efficiency of The Tourism Supporting The Halal Tourism Ecosystem in Indonesia, 2019-2024: A DEA and SFA Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31851/jmwe.v23i2.21905Keywords:
Halal Tourism, Tourism Industry, Efficiency, DEA, SFAAbstract
The intention of this paper is to analyze the efficiency of the tourism industry supporting the halal tourism ecosystem in Indonesia during the 2019–2024 period using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The background of this research is based on the recovery of Indonesia’s tourism sector and the growing importance of halal tourism as part of the Islamic economic ecosystem. However, tourism recovery should not only be measured by increasing tourist numbers or spending, but also by the ability of supporting industries to transform labor and domestic tourist expenditure into Gross Value Added of Tourism Industries (GVATI). This study uses a quantitative descriptive-comparative approach with secondary data from Indonesia’s Tourism Satellite Account. The input variables consist of tourism industry labor and domestic tourist expenditure by product, while the output variable is GVATI. The unit of analysis consists of tourism industries observed during 2019–2024, analyzed using output-oriented DEA-BCC and SFA models. The DEA results show that the average CRS technical efficiency is 0.538, VRS technical efficiency is 0.788, and scale efficiency is 0.696, indicating that efficiency among tourism industries is still heterogeneous. Air transportation, vehicle rentals, and other tourism services are fully efficient both technically and in scale, while travel agencies, cultural services, tourism merchandise, land transportation, water transportation, and sports and recreation remain inefficient. The SFA results show that labor and domestic tourist expenditure have positive effects on GVATI, with domestic tourist expenditure having a stronger elasticity. The study concludes that halal tourism development in Indonesia should focus not only on increasing demand, but also on improving productivity, digitalization, service integration, and the efficiency of supporting tourism industries.
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